C7

Task one :

30's

BBC

the bcc was overseen by Sir John Reith the first director , its first director journal .

technology

The Blattner phone was invented in this era , it was the newest recording device in 1930 however due to its simplicity was used for recording voice and not music . It was also when the electric guitar started coming around , in 1931 George Beauchamp who was working on a way to amplify the guitar sound so allowing it to be heard over a live band he came up with the idea of using a metal pick to pick the strings creating a signal that could then be amplified. 1931 saw the creation of the 618 electrodynamic transmitter ( the first ever dynamic microphone) . The dynamic microphone would go on to be a reliable and hardy tool for vocalist and performers .

SOCIAL

Slavery was abolished however racism was still very prominent , sharecropping became the most popular way for black people to work ( especially in the south ) and usually was the only kind of work they could get because of racism amongst society . They were given a hut to stay in return for farm labour so in a way its as if they were still enslaved . Jim crows laws were still in existence group like the kkk were active and lynching of black people occurred , it wasnt a safe society School were overpopulated and unfunded and the great depression meant a lot of people were in bad financial situations. Music was a reflection of hardship in this day in age however music like jazz and swing aimed to distract peoples daily hardship.

Case studies:

Robert Johnson

Robert Johnson's mastery of the blues and the delta blues style he played . He used unique guitar techniques for the time such as fingerpicking and using a guitar pick he performed these licks using a hybrid picking style , he held a pick between his thumb and index finger and used the others ( mainly middle and ring ) to fingerpick .He influenced people like Jimi Hendrix . As well as his guitar skill he also had a very good vocal skill too. It was eerie and demonic and played a large part in drawing people in .

Robert Johnson travelled and busked from town to town . Most people were Christian in this day in age and also very racist and the blues music meant devils music . Robert Johnson fell in love ( a girl called Virginia ) and moved to the plantation she worked at till she became pregnant , she left to live with her grandma but sadly died in childbirth . From this point he dedicated his life to music . As a performer he played on street corners and Juke joints he didn't have much popularity throughout his life until after he died . His poorly documented life led to the legend of the crossroads where he handed his guitar to the devil who tuned it in exchange for his soul . The album would become influential particularly on the British blues movement and artists like bob Dylan have cited Johnson's lyrics and musicianship as influences to their work .

BILLIE HOLIDAY :

Billie was an American jazz singer , Holiday had an innovative , influence on jazz , music and pop singing Her vocal style, inspired by jazz instrumentalists created a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo. Her intimate music touched the hearts of society . Her early life was rough being raped at age 11 , working as a prostitute , being jailed in a correctional facility and more before finally finding her passion for music ; all before age of 17 . She began informally singing in numerous clubs . By 1932 she was discovered by John Hammond a record producer who got her session with benny Goodman , her first recording was ' your mothers son in law in 1937 ' . In the late 1930s her songs became jazz standard, some of her music being imitated across America, after going on tour and making a string of radio hits with teddy Wilson . Her song 'I'm gunna lock my heart 'went to number 2 in the pop charts in 1938. 'Strange Fruit ' was one of Billie Holidays biggest hits ; producers at Columbia records refuse to record it as the subject matter was too sensitive and talked about lynching in the south , its seen as one of the first protest songs of the civil rights movement a movement that would dominate the later decades and the music it brought with it . Milt Gabler agreed to record it for his commodore Records . She later worked with white musicians , Lester young ,Artie Shaw and Count Basie . She broke the colour barrier and was a figure that strived for racial justice .

40'S

technology

The radio was was now cheaper , 95% of all homes had one this greatly affected the music industry as more people were able to listen to music and a larger variety of music and would mean performers music could be advertised to a more widescale audience . Multi- track recording was also invented during this era this meant that different parts of tape could be layered and played at the same time . This meant that music quality would be better as you could make different instruments better heard in the mix. In the mid 40's Fender produced the first commercially successful solid body electric guitar , The Fender Esquire this would massively influence genres to come.

SOCIAL

This was during the WW2 period but also the decade in which it ended. Music reflected the pain of the country but also positivity for hope in the future . Big Band music was popular . It focused on band leaders who led four section musical ensembles, they typically consisted of sax , trumpets and trombones and rhythm section ( piano , guitar ,drums , bass.) The Dorsey brothers were a good example they would often sign on short or long term engagements for where they would play night to night at certain clubs whilst touring. However , after WW2, clubs hired out smaller bands due to cost . Unfortunately this led to disbanding of several decades of popular bands

CASE STUDY 1: Ella Fitzgerald

She was an American jazz singer with a huge female influence influence on jazz and scat singing being one of the first singers to make use of the singing a style within her music , inspired by Louis Armstrong .Scat singing is characterised by its jazz style vocal that uses onomatopoeic , nonsense syllables replacing words as improvisations over a melody .It grants the singer status of a solo instrumentalist thereby moving vocal expression toward modes of more musical meaning instead of verbal.

When she met Chick web, of the tiny Bradshaw Band , who was looking for a female singer she got offered a payed job to sing with them . At 21 she recorded hits such as ' a tisket a tasket '. Fitz died and Ella took over the band ; they recorded over 150 songs within 7 years . In the mid 40s she began singing jazz at philharmonics a concert series started by her manager , Norman Granz. Tv shows became more popular during this decade and she went on shows like The Ed Sullivan show gaining her more popularity . Tv shows would go onto greatly affect the music industry such as advertisement and talent shows that would have both negative and positive impacts .

Unfortunately she also faced discrimination as this was in a time where racism was still common . She had police barge into her dressing room because of her managers civil rights advocacy.

CASE STUDY 2

FRANK SINATRA :

Frank Sinatra chose popular music as a vocation he joined a singing group and won a singing competition on a popular radio programme , they toured America in 1935 however Sinatra was the only serious one about music and they broke up . He was discovered by trumpeter Harry James who quit Benny Goodman orchestra to start his own band , Frank was with him for 6 months resulting in 10 commercial recordings , Frank's reputation increased within the industry and Harry , being the great friends they had come to be , graciously released him from his contract when he got a good offer from Tommy Dorsey ( band leader .) Through this he would create his first major body of wok and was also influenced by Dorsey's trombone playing to improve his breath control to emulate his seamless melodic passages. He also, int his time proved his mastery of both ballads and up tempo passages. His fame grew beyond that of the Dorsey organisation and he went into a solo career . He became a cultural phenomenon , and his vast appeal to bobby boxers revealed a whole new audience for popular music which generally appealed to an older audience . He was popular music's first true teen idol .

A strike by the American federation of music against major record companies slowed Sinatra record sales between 1943-44 he compensated this through making dozens of sides in a 3 month period during his solo recording career for Columbia records. He made songs like ' These Foolish things ' and ' That old Feeling ' during his Columbia years.

Frank Sinatra eventually lost his voice from vocal chord haemorrhaging , people are more aware of things like this nowadays and things like 'Grethers Pastilles ' ( used by artists like Ariane Grande ) and humidifiers have been made to support singers vocals .

50'S

Rock'n'roll was the a huge part of the music scene in the 50's it was a powerful, controversial and liberating form of music during the 50's many black people found themselves having to migrate ( The Great Migration ) due to segregation reasons like Jim Crows Laws still being in place and this lead to black and white people being in closer proximity to one another and therefore overlapping of things like music leading to the birth of rock'n'roll which derives from rhythm and blues .Its characterised by loud guitar parts , repetitive chord progressions , typically has a faster tempo and insightful lyrics. Parents tended to not agree with the music finding it's sexual connotations 'vulgar' however the younger people seemed to gain a sense of liberation through this sound it motivated the idea of individuality, acceptance and love.

Technological Developments

The 50's brought us the Fender Strat ( used by rock artists like jimi hendrix , Eric Clapton etc ) and the telecaster ( Elvis Presley etc) all of which made an indent on the way rock and roll was shaped this was a big thing for the performance sector as the electric guitar influenced stage performance as the ability to be able to play higher ,bend , slide and eventually use distortion ( etc) meant guitarists could be more expressive with their instrument on stage, .Furthermore the electric guitar was important for feminist movements in music and one of the reasons I believe for this is because of the guitars ability to overpower other instruments through its volume and also due its range that adds power to the instrument . The use of woman using electric challenged the masculinisation of the electric guitar performance with male dominance being placed over the instrument via phallic symbolism .

Introduction to the 7inch single vinyl also arrived in the 50's these were smaller and elevated recording capabilities. The fact they were cheap enough for youth to buy meant that teens could enjoy music as a social thing to buy and swap music with one another ; music by black artists would also be accessible which meant that the youth were listening to music of different perspectives, race and culture paving a more open minded path for the new generation.

The Shure microphone became the go to brand in the 50's . Perhaps one of the most important microphones that i believe Shure released was the Unidyne 111 capsule . This is because the end firing design of the unidyne had a more uniform polar pattern ; this meant that the gain on the mic could be turned higher to avoid feedback creeping in ,this meant it could handle larger sound systems and venues which would eventually lead to live sound being translated more effectively to open air spaces such as festivals and arenas for performances . It is therefore arguable that with ought this mic music and where performances could be performed ( with good quality ) wouldn't be the same as it is today .An example of this would be one of the largest festivals ( Woodstock ) ,because of its fresh design ,used the 565 Model as its main PA microphone .

Social developments

The 50's was a very important era for sociological importance . It was the time of the civil rights movement and the start of desegregation pushed by individuals like Claudette Colvin and rosa parks who started the bus boycott , the first large scale demonstration against segregation which would motivate others to do the same Martin Luther king helped organise the boycott from his Baptist church .Black churches played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement and within the music scene for example Sam Phelips ( founder of sun studios ) lived with black sharecropper and experienced gospel music in church and he said felt inspired by it and was one of the things that created his love for music , Elvis also was influenced by the soul and passion behind black music as he grew up amongst black people and covered there songs ,so in a way its not surprising that Sam signed elvis as they both were under the grap and influence of this soul filled music . Leonardo chess from chess records was also another label owner that worked with black people like Chuck Berry who had black and white audiences which normalised integration .

Case studies :

Sun Studios ( Elvis, Ike turner )

Sun Studios was founded by Sam Phelips in 1953 .

Artists worked with : Elvis ,Jerry Lee Lewis , Johnny Cash ,

Sam phelips lived with a black Sharecropper and would attend the black Sunday church where would he forever influenced and inspire by their sound and would want to to share that sound with the rest of society Sun Studios had an open door policy and would 'record anything, anywhere, anytime' this gave opportunity to black people as well as white people and this would lead to sun records being the Birthplace of rock'n'nroll. Ike turner was an earlier artist philips worked with . After the groups guitar amp got damaged they put papers into the amp to help and inadvertently created a new sound, this could be classed as the first ever recorded instance of guitar distortion ,which would obviously be have major influences on music and also inspired another sense of creativity within music performers can mess around with microphone placement or try different things with their instruments.

Elvis played a huge roll in the gifting of black music to the world and was exactly. Elvis was also raised amongst black people and was raised on their music . After recording a ballad for his mum in sun studios the secretary ,noticing his talent and looks, ended up with him eventually getting signed. He was a symbol of the counter culture playing traditionally considered ' black music ' to many in the form of rock 'n'roll . Elvis influenced music in many other ways also with his later manager, kernel tom parker, decided to turn Elvis into a brand with different forms of merchandise , merchandising is a common way musicians make money even today.

CHESS RECORDS ( chuck berry and muddy waters)

chess records was founded by Leonardo chess in 1950 . He was a Jewish immigrant moved from Poland. One of the first artists he signed was called McKinley Morganfield ( Muddy Waters ) he had moved to the City to perform . Playing on the loud and busy streets of Chicago so he used a fender telecaster so his music could be heard giving his country style a more powerful and gritty edge to it that reflected his now urban surrounding .Chicago blues was born . The unfamiliarity of this music had locals looking down on it calling his music 'cropping music ' however was just one of the many steps in the integration of people and culture through music . Muddy got signed for Chess records , released his recording ' rollin' stone ' which inspired future bands an artists music like Bob Dylan's ' Like a rollin' Stone ' and The Rolling Stones. Chess records did however exploit their artists , which was common in this era as artists would be more likely to take a lower ,up front payment then the a longer term one as they needed the money in the short term to survive , and even in todays society so its important to do your own research and show initiative as a performer around money, what you sign and who you working with .

example of how chess exploited :

Chuck Berry was another artist signed to the record company he signed a contract that guaranteed him 60% ( £750) but only $150 if crowds weren't large enough however the issue is his manager would tell him the crowds weren't large enough even when they were
He bribed Dj's to play their music on the radio by using artists stream of income . Chuck berry noticed two names on his record , Alan Freed a disk jockey obviously bribed to play their music and Russ Fratto , a printer to whom the chess brothers owed money . This left Berry with just 1/3 of the writers credit.

Chess records can be remembered for its impact on music , it captured a vibrant and new syle of American music with roots in southern parts of America which would later influence and inspire rock and roll legends like chuck berry to The Rolling Stones.

60's

.The 60's was a time of social and political rebirth a time where self expression and identity were explored and celebrated . The music scene was dominated by British musicians ( British Invasion ) this saw artists such as rolling stones , Beatles ,the who , the kinks etc ; internationalising rock and roll production .We started seeing performers with bodyguards . It had times where it started to sound the same with people using the same chords ( ice cream progression ,which used the first ,fifth, sixth and fourth chords of a major key ) and influence form other musicians that were less influences and more the same song with different lyrics like the beach boys taking chuck berry's song and changed the lyrics to surfin in the USA . It was a turbulent era for The USA experiencing things like the Vietnam war, Cold War and Civil rights ,music became a vehicle for social change . Music genres like Gospel and soul , folk and reggae became more popular.

Technological developments

Perhaps one of the most important microphones that i believe shure released was the Unidyne 111 capsule . This is because the end firing design of the unidyne had a more uniform polar pattern ; this meant that the gain on the mic could be turned higher to avoid feedback creeping in ,this meant it could handle larger sound systems and venues which would eventually lead to live sound being translated more effectively to open air spaces such as festivals and arenas for performances . It is therefore arguable that with ought this mic music and where performances could be performed ( with good quality ) wouldn't be the same as it is today .An example of this would be one of the largest festivals ( Woodstock ) ,because of its fresh design ,used the 565 Model as its main PA microphone .

The Marshall amplifier was also a key piece of new tech in this era . The Marshal JTM45 cam out in 1962 , the amp was said to have a 'British accent ' with its swapped American tubes for British ones it owned a bright , rich ,dynamic and crunchy sound that would go on to influence rock and blues music to come used by artists like jimmy Hendrix, jon bon jovi etc

Social

the 60's was a time of great social change and music became the vehicle that sought it through. The protest music of the 60's were thr soundtracks to a sexual revolution .Respect by Aretha Franklin is an example of woman taking a stand and making sure they are heard especially important within the male dominated world of music which , although improved, is true even to this day with studies showing the number of men outweighing the number of women in many areas of the industry. This was the era of the hippy , the counterculture protested against war in vietnam romanticising the idea of free love , open sex and drugs , ideas brought upon by things like creation of birth control and artists like Otis Redding due to his soulful tone epitomising love .

Case studies

Bob Dylan .

Bob Dylan was advocate for change in i the 60's he represented this through his precisely complex lyrics that influenced many attitudes to political and social movements of the time . His openness to change was reflected in everything he did he altered song formation with inconsistent verse lengths , challenged overwhelming paparazzi ( which was relatively new thing for musicians to deal with in the 60' s and a that challenge as a performer you'd have to learn to navigate ) by bringing his own camera , answered questions the way he wanted to and mixed genres, he just didn't believe in boxes . This creativity and experimentation with music would go onto influence a variety of other artists such as the Beatles, jimmy Hendrix and many others .

BOB DYLAN :

A 60s artist.
Mixed folk and rock with a blues band
he wrote protest music of the human condition
songs were inspired by political context of the time ( an example would be his lyric 'murder most foul ' about JFK
He felt limited by public perception of him , he was pushed into a political persona - he found this uncomfortable.
wrote own material
ADVOCATE FOR THE YOUNG
Didn't play to peoples expectations he played in different keys and tempos etc when performing
VIETNAM WAR (he was on the anti war ,civil rights side) music like 'blowing in the wind' was a good example of bob dylans protest music through his lyrical genius.
One night he played an electric guitar, the volume of blues band was too low he want, so they had to play louder due to the addition of the drums this folk->pop.
people didn't like ;Pete Seeger said he'd chop the cable with an axe
he played for 15cmins then left , eventually came back and played acoustic
became a 'traitor to folk music' paparazzi and press became overwhelming trying to pinpoint him, but he doesn't relate to any of it
'suck your glasses' -example of paparazzi trying to perceive him in a certain way
retaliation : carried own camera, standoffish replies , didn't answer questions in the way they wanted him to
disrespectful fans (overwhelming)
He worked with Johnny Cash
people calling him Judas ( betrayer of Jesus)
he wasn't well after his world tour ,got in an accident and didn't go on tour for years

THE BEATLES

The Beatles supported and contributed to the youth driven changes of the post war society and social informality ;their music respected new ideas of teenagers , the hippy movement , social informality which their music could contribute to .

Influenced by people like Elvis and his charismatic ways the Beatles too were a fashion

The Beatles tried to get signed a lot of times however failed to until George Martin said he 'had nothing to loose' and signed them anyway . The Beatles comedic personalities warmed George to them .Please please me was their first hit.

The band from Liverpool led the British invasion , between 1964 -70 they had a top selling US single one out every six months.

They changed the way performers thought about studio recording. The Beatles were hard workers spending around 10,000 hours of practising as band before they came to the US to be famous they practised in clubs in Hamburg, Germany . After their chaotic 1966 world tour The Beatles found they couldn't hear themselves over the fans , amplification technology wasnt really ready for that atmosphere , so with this and as well as being exhausted from all their work they stopped touring and became a studio band and changed the way in which studio recording is perceived . Up until this point the sound of music on an album and live performance are pretty much interchangeable as bands wouldn't typically have very long in the recording studio . The beatles used looping , flanging , experimented by putting towels on drum kits and tape creativity to make a non reproducible sound that would influence many .

70's

Dance music became popular in the 70's . After years of protest music poeple found the disco scene a release with its funky sound and positive atmosphere , disco was characterised by its rhythmic beats ,repetitive vocal . Its made up of a four on the floor drum beat making it wasy to dance to . Lead guitar was less frequent within dance as compared to rock'n'roll .Punk was also another genre we would see emerge in the latter 70's a form of protest music that was characterised by guitar riffs ,heaviness, and more upbeat. This era also popularised the singer -song writer s such as Billy joel and Joni Mitchell who would go onto to influence people like Harry Styles .

Technological developments

Previous to this era performers like the Beatles had many issues with hearing themselves on stage, live sound didn't have the amplification technology . However in the 1970 a Grateful Dead show that credited to the birth of large scale live sound systems as they come to be known today. This would be pivotal for performer better sound quality means the fans can hear the music better and more people will want to go to gigs earning them more money also allows the artist to hear themselves. Portable synthesizers were also invented ( like the Minimoog ) this was more cheap and portable so performers had a more practical instrument and can be heard on record by Michael Jackson and Bob Marley.

Social

Disco music was part of the gay scene . At this time it was illegal for gay men to dance together however disco music led to dancing crowds becoming popular instead of everyone dancing with a partner this way gay men could get away with dancing with each other and this would help with social acceptance of the gay scene. People were now more influenced by ideas of space as this era was right after the moon landing and artists like David bowie challenged social norms and fashion. Women gained the equal rights amendment and legal access of birth control was granted to unmarried woman , this meant woman could focus more on their careers then starting a family challenging gender roles and paving a pathway for more women in the music industry .

case Studies

Rough Trade

Rough trade was an independent record company that influenced music and acted as a place of access of non- mainstream music allowing the promotion of a variety of artist and sounds this meant performers could still be creative . Rough Trade was very important for rise of genres like ska and reggae as it was amongst 'razzta's' as it was on the heart of carnival route . Alliance between funk and reggae . Rough trade felt it was important to have Jamaican workers to sale Jamaican music and therefore hired them . During this time music was dominated by major labels , performers looked to these labels to make it big ,however , the music they would play would be limited according to what's mainstream and due to the power the companies held exploitation of artists was common as music industry orthodoxy dictated that record companies offer new artists a cash advance and contractedly binding them for a number of albums in which they would receive a modest percentage . Rough trade that proved you didn't need a major to make it big and was had simpler agreements , it agreed to make and sale records until ether party backed out and shared profit 50/50. Scritti politi ( communist band ) were signed by Rough Trade and on the back of there album gave instructions on how to make own record and production budget on the sleeve ( made from paper .) This gave performers independence and kept the creativity within the music scene . They became a growing power of left wing collectives that went against recently elected Margaret Thatcher's conservative government . Due to financial issue rough trade got put in administration in 1991 .

David Bowie

David Bowie greatly influenced many by his challenging of sexual stereotypes and in an era of 'who cares what i look like ' musicians he brought dramatic fashion that would inspire many artists like Lady Gaga. He brought a sense of theatricality and showmanship ,helping the establishment of glam rock , and that would be seen within his concept albums . At 20 he released his first album and changed his name to something more catchy , a common tac tic for performers to stand out in the performing industry or just to keep a sense of privacy ( Freddie Mercury , Miley Cyrus , Lorde.) He experimented with genres like his children novelty record ( the laughing gnome ) which was a flop.

Davis Bowie was very theatrical as well takin and di acting to pay the bills he also did mime classes I believe the thought processes behind this abstract art and also the dissociation with ones self one goes through with acting influenced his music .He was inspired by the moon landing to write a single that got to success years after the release .After influence from artists like the velvet Underground ( New York counterculture ) who crossed gender norms and more flops the Ziggy Star Dust album was created and it was very successful an continues to inspire the creativity of musicians today. It contained contextual relevance as about uk economic crisis of the time , space etc and creative brilliance with a story line .

80's

TECH

During the 80's synthesizers became a lot more affordable and accessible models such as the Yamaha dx7 were very common ,due to their iconic sound today a lot of their preset sound banks have been emulated modern software , this means if you cant get an original you can still get the right sounds. Another tech development was the creation of cd's . This impacted popularity of vinyl by the late 80's they became a rare sight in record stores . Cd's had better audio quality then vinyl which quality started to go down hill by the 70s due to lack of album sales, the signal to noise ratio on cd was better and there was no turntable rumble or hissing.

SOCIAL

Margaret Thatcher became the first female britsh prime minister. A lot of people didn't like her she had harsh ways with dealing with the inflation crisis that put a lot of people out of work. People weren't happy with the state of life and a lot of music was aimed to fire at her in Britain like elvis costello's ' tramp the dirt down ' . Metal was all the rage crossing over to mainstream

In the 60's, American rock wanted to change the world ; by the end of the 70s it had been absorbed into the mainstream , its rebellious spirit lost in a multi- million dollar industry. However the following decade would add the excitement back to rock .

- new tech and new media helps to transform rock into a new commodity

SOME ARTISTS:

Motley crue
Quiet Riot
Journey
STYX
Reo Speedwagon
Van Halen
Bruce Springsteen
Tom Petty
John Mellencamp
KISS
Aerosmith
Bon jovi
Guns n' roses

POLITICS

IN 1981 there was a new president in Washington vowing to lead America into a shiny new era . After Jimmy Carters gloomy tenure ( holding of an office ) in the late 70's Ronald Reagan's economic and foreign policy reforms gave the country back its sense of self belief.

In the same year of 1981 , REO speedwagon , STYX and journey managed to top the charts with their melodic and well thought anthems of rock. And after the brief amusement with disco in the late 70's rock was back on top . ( Don't stop beleivin' , Hard to say I'm sorry by Chicago) But it was a softer sound than hard rocker Artists like Aerosmith, KISS and Alice Cooper .

By the early 80's commercial radio playlists ruled the music industry. Stations couldn't risk loosing listeners and advertising revenue by playing anything that sounded too edgy. Middle of the road rock .

REVOLUTIONARY NEW STATION MTV ( MUSIC TELEVISION )

1st of August 1981 MTV chose a video by a British band named Buggles ( Video killed the radio star ) for its first ever broadcast .

The idea was Radio on the TV .

To begin with American record companies didn't believe MTV would work , what's the point on wasting money on making vids some random TV station when their rock bands were on FM radio?

Bands ( mostly British ) realised early on that the visual benefits of the video opportunities on MTV could get them more exposure in the US. Unique styles , men crossing gender fashion norms.

A new invasion of British bands thanks to the commercial power of MTV

You now had to look cool as well as have good music . Not good for older bands like STYX who began to look outdated due to there lack of involvement with the change .

DURAN DURAN cam out and Red Speedwagon found them hard to compete with due to their beauty.

MTV was quickly changing American pop music and rock needed to keep up .

A new youthful attitude ( leather jackets etc)

VAN HALEN

LA's Van Halen were one of the first 80's American hard rock bands to cross over to be mainstream. They bridged the gap between metal and pop .

The music was a showcase for the amazing guitarist Eddie Van Halen who had a fast and wildly inventive playing style. His guitar playing influenced many . The lead singer of the band was Dave Roth ; he was energetic flamboyant and in your face. From the 70s going into the 80s it was Van Halen that changed everything of what rock and roll was up to that point.

By 1983 they were MTV stars with four top ten albums released and in 1984 they became a household name with a number one single ' Jump' .

They had created the structure for a new American Rock sound that would take over the 1980's. However ,in the early 80's, Bruce Springsteen was outselling most artists he was an international superstar producing a bar room rock .

In 1984 he released one of Americas most iconic rock albums of all time 'Born in the USA' .However it was also was very misunderstood. It was about the struggles of life in America and the title track was a tribute to a disenfranchised Vietnam Vet. People didn't listen to the lyrics other than the punchy chorus .

Ronald Reagan being an example of this when he used the song when he campaigned for his new election. The song isn't patriotic , like the people thought its about a broken system.

POLITICS:

In 1984 Reagan won his second term by a lot, the nation seemed to be united by a recovering economy and an undercurrent of anti-Soviet sentiment. The president had reignited the cold war the feelings of the anti-communists reflected in popular culture (eg. Rocky iv , when he goes against an opponent from the soviet Union.)

In the same year American pop was bursting with superstars ( Michael Jackson, prince, Madonna ) MTV was at the centre of their success. The television station based in New York was a national success.

In L.A a group of musicians were using Van Halen as blueprint for the creation of a new Rock movement , they all hung out on sunset strip. The L.A scene was electric . Crowded ,busy and bustling . The early 1980's L.A music craze was hardcore punk ; the new emerging rock scene couldn't have been anymore different. Punk was dressed down the metallers took the 70's fashion of the new York dolls and the British glam to ridiculous new levels.

NEW YORK DOLLS ->

BRITISH GLAM ↓

THE METAL ROCK LOOK CREATION :

80'S partying was extreme. Loose sex, drugs , alcohol . Cocaine and jack Daniels 😎 .

Aids didn't come to mind because it wasn't a talked about a lot before the 80's.

This was perfect for MTV who were on a look out for a new trend to expand their growing audience . It had an outrageous look and sound that made the LA rock scene ideal.

So, by the end of the early 80's, bands from the Sunset Strip started to feature on the channel's playlist ; the most requested video was by Quiet Riot.

After many rotations on MTV of their cover of the Slade song their debut LP became their first heavy metal album that went to number one in America. Quiet Riot opened the flood gates to LA's new rock scene but it was The Motley crew /that knocked the door of its hinges. They pushed life to the limit. They had the rock charisma. Combining the party hard spirit of sunset strip with the exuberance (full of energy, excitement etc) of 70's rockers Aerosmith and Alice Cooper.

Formed in 1981 ; put together by drummer Tommy Lee and bass player Nikki Sixx, the brains behind it.

About fun, girls and motorcycles.

Really hit the big time after signing with the management of their heroes ,kISS.

They let go of their early satanic influence and increased the glam and made the gigs theatrical events.

They started messing around with Pyrotechnics ( fire and fireworks o0n stage. ) They didn't know much about it but due to their risky attitude played with it . They had SHOWBIZ. Perfect for MTV. LA'S rock scene was given a new name thanks to mc's Outlandish image , hair metal . In 1985 Motley Crue's Theatre of Pain , chartered at number six. In 5 or six years you didn't go to NY to establish yourself but to LA because that's where everybody was .

Soon after American TV and radio was invaded by hair metal .

MTV bands like twisted sister ,RATT , Cinderella etc became household names. This was pop metal that appealed to the American teenagers.

Misogyny

However , lyrics and videos were sexist. Woman portrayed as bimbos .Everyone with identical boobs . There wasnt a lot woman i the industry at the time and they weren't taken seriously .

90s

music

Britpop was a popular genre in the 90's characterised by guitar driven melodies, catchy pop- based hooks, a commercially friendly and generally lighter sound saw bands like Oasis , the verve and pulp finding fame , their music relating to the people of Britain creating a sense of pride in the culture of britain in movement known as cool Britannia . rock and grunge was very popular too with bands like Nirvana important in music as they they never conformed to what was mainstream , they also influenced style and fashion with their unkept casually scruffy look. Music genres such as rap and hip hop started to take form and there was a whole new concert experience for example this era gave us mosh pits .

Technological developments

the 90s was time of great tech development seeing things like the internet that would greatly affect musicians allowing them to produce and promote their music themselves and opening them up to more opportunities by being able to communicate to more people. Another big technological advancement was the invention of protools a digital recording and editing system which you can make music it made being being a producer producing music easier with better multitrack recording and faster processing . It was also affordable as you wouldn't have to buy all the analogue kit . Live performance also developed in the 90's . Artists such as Madonna would use huge video screens adding video and narratives to a a show , furthermore in ear monitors for performers became popular during the 90s jerry harvey created the first multiple-driver IEM's for the drummer of Van Halen which became a template for most current models . In ear monitors are important for performers so as to prevent them from getting tinnitus and also for singers so as they don't strain their voice.

Social developments

Mobile phones became smaller cheaper and more popular this meant that musicians could advertise their music easier and manage themselves , getting yourself gigs , . the mobile phone meant that organisation as a band could be easier as you could now communicate with each other when not together and made band communication easier meaning you could organise and plan with your band when not together . The north south divide in Britain meant the south was stereotyped as educated and taken more seriously whilst the north were the opposite and this created band rivalries between people like Blur and Oasis .

AMY WINHOUSE

Raised in the 90s in Southgate North London
Jazz singer , was apart of the National youth jazz orchestra when 16
Never thought she'd be a singer , she had a down to earth personality
Influences : Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughn , Tony Bennet . Learnt to sing from stuff like monk and soloists as well as just singers .
Nick shmansky wasn't an experienced manager
She had written a lot of lyrics , personal and drawn from personal experience . Always put a punch line in the song to be different with the lyrics.
Given a publishing deal by Guy Moot who worked in sony in music publishing . People were sceptical because they were giving an unsigned artists around 250,000 pounds.
After the deal she moved out ; she 'smoked weed all day ' she lived with her best friends
First relationship was with a guy called Chris Taylor she wrote songs about him but eventually went off him and wrote songs that describes her as emotionally disconnected.
she was an old soul , quite shy ,powerful
her album came out and sold around 800 copies in one day
believed she couldn't handle the fame
Amy was a talented guitarist , which is important so as your not dependent other musicians it means you can be independent which is important to avoid exploitation this is especially important for female who up to this point haven't been very respected in music as 'proper musicians'' familiarising yourself with an instrument can be good so you can be self dependent.
Record sounded mature ;instrumentation was done live
She could be 'gobby ' with the media when she felt bored or misunderstood and this added to her 'celebrity personality ' a concept that's popular during this time with increase in the media however this characterisation of an artist can lead to negative impacts on artists mindset .
she was managed by the company that managed s club seven and used to mange the manage the spice girls .They tried to mould her into 'triangle shape'.
CHILDHOOD: Janis Winehouse realised Amy was headstrong from a young age , she couldn't say no to her she was really soft . Janis was bringing up kids single handed dad was never around. Dad had met another woman when Amy was a baby and only actually left the family when she 9 yrs old. After dad left she became more rebellious more emotionally disconnected . She suffered from depression in early teens; music helped.
Mos def found Amy to be sincere and real
Amy just felt she needed time and space to so her music
supposed to be writing an album but found herself playing pool everyday and getting drunk
when she went to Camden things started to change
Camden was filled with indie bands if you were a signed artist you weren't liked
hadn't wrote anything in a while Lucian Grainge told her to write a new album before they all forget her
Amy didn't like being connected with the company that did pop idol
Stayed close to a guy called Blake who was a ladies man .
Amy had issues with her parents relationship and it reflected in her life
Blake went back to his girlfriend and it drove her nuts and reckless
fell over hurt her head , her friends came to her house it was a mess
she wasnt eating
friend drove her out to middle of nowhere and stayed there with her till she opened up and she did .Agreed to go to rehab .
Went to see dad to get his his opinion on rehab, he said she didn't need to go ,resisted it .
Friend believed it would've been better she would've had help before she became famous and the world saw her as this was before back to black
Went Miami to Salaams house (producer friend)
She would sit in the garden and write all her own songs
wanted to change management , wanted her promoter to manage her ( Raye Cosbert)
Mark Ronson joins the chat , she wrote back to black in a flat in a few hours .It is now a modern classic.
Nan died , her motherly figure
suffered with alcoholism
started to suffer with bolemia , parents didn't take it seriously
New black to black album didn't have all the clever jazz chords, she was listening to a lot of girl groups , garage bands and guitar bands which were hard to get away from in Camden
Rehab was a single that became really successful , suddenly was in celebrity atmosphere
Had a win at the brits best , found fame frightening
Back to black became modern classic album
not comfortable being famous ,scared
-she got married to Blake got rid of girlfriend hurdle
After they came back from America married , that was the first time she tried crack, cocaine and heroin , became addicted
She overdosed
journalists for sun , mirror etc booked in every room very intrusive
Doctor told friends if she has another seizure shell die right before american tour, friend stole her passport
After blake met back up with her she had heroin in her blood again
Russel brand try to help Amy tried to get her into rehab , he felt Blake was to blame that he liked Amy in this vulnerable situation he used her for money
Blake and Amy went to rehab together ( on an island )
came back and they both binged on drugs , he cut his arm with a bottle so she cut her arm she said 'shed do anything he'd do' , love was killing her she couldn't keep up with Blake's drug intake
Blake went to jail and she spiralled
won awards didn't show , album of the year , best female pop vocal performance
Lucian Grainge Chairman ceo , universal music group made her sign a contract that wouldn't let her write more music or perform till she was 'clean' and she did. Needed to be clean for Grammy's.
Amy was a big Tony Bennet fan , Amy was shocked she won the Grammy for best album
When she gained her greatest achievement all she could think about was drugs
Andrew Morris was her security Raye was her manager
Amy went somewhere to distance her dad kept bringing the cameras but Amy worshipped dad
she recorded with Tony Bennet at Abbey Road
Tony Bennet didn't believe Amy was suited for stadium work
she had a good period , however started having health issues
Amy stopped enjoying playing her music felt it wasn't relevant to her anymore got wasted before tour so she couldn't do it, didn't want to do it , wouldn't sing on stage crowd was angry. Tour cancelled.
started realising things she had done
she died , her heart stopped .

OASIS

Oasis were huge in britpop with their arrogant rebellious and carefree attitudes and unapologetic lyrics connected with the youth generation of the time that were looking for something to believe in . Despite their constant fighting and manic ways it was thanks to their relationship that noel and liam had with one another ( siblings) and there relationship with their tour manager ,who helped to find noel when he left , and their hard work that meant they didn't completely destroy each other before their rise to fame. .

Open mouthed ( swear a lot )
OASIS took over Kenworth for 2 days in 1996
played to over a third of a million people in one week
went from a new signing to rock giants in 3 yrs
just two brothers from a council estate what helped the band was their relationship but also ruined it in the end
Liam didn't like music until he got hit round head with a hammer and suddenly it clicked for him
Liam formed the band ( Bonehead ,,Tony McCarroll and guigsy )
Liam had soft melodic vocal and good look and charisma
They were in a band called The rain ,Liam wanted to change the name
Noel Gallagher was the drum technician for inspiral carpets
Noel was leader figure , both of them got fired from band because they were 'unprofessional'
Noel heard Liam was in a band ( oasis ) as a singer
Oasis first gig was in Manchester The Boardwalk ,18th August 1991
noel jammed with them became apart of that band they wanted him to manage them , they rehearsed every day for 18 months
Noel didn't like Phil Collin's music

BONEHEAD- rhythm guitar , spirit of oasis , mad

GUIGS- bass , brought calmness loved cricket, dr who ,man city, weed

TONY- drums , quiet , Irish family, had a daughter

Noel wrote live forever, and that changed things-1992
went touring again still completely ignored
They shared a rehearsal room with an all girl band , one of the girls ( debbie Turner ) was an ex girlfriend of Alan McGee's , 'the head of the coolest record label in England]
Said they were playing in Glasgow offered for them to go with them ,they played four songs
Alan McGee was there signed them offered record deal (creation records)
McGee wanted bring it on down to be the first single
Noel wrote supersonic in a back room whilst band had food. They made their TV debut in 1994 with super sonic
Had their first international gig in wigan to support the band The Verve. Jason Rhodes was their roadie
They got arrested on a ferry and deported , Alan McGee didn't mind good for rock image .
tours getting rather physical and it was getting them down
The studio they used was called Monmouth Valley
They were struggling making new material that sounded like them live
Definetly maybe , recorded in the sawmill , was recorded 'live' , it sounded bad but was fixed by talented mixing
Drug culture was on the rise in the Camden music scene and was damaging lives
Their first album went in the charts at number 32 , everyone said an indie band couldn't do that
album went to number one , the fastest selling debut album of all time in England
September 1994 went to japan , people were waiting for them
there homelife was bad there dad used beat noel and mum they left
no one heard of them in the US , breaking America often breaks the band
crystal meth messed them up made them less efficient , Liam threw tambourine at Noel
Noel was upset went to leave, left Liam a note who continued taking the meth . He went missing .Tour manager managed to find him in San Francisco with a spiritual lady . He didn't know what he was doing ,time out ?
someone booked a recording session noel had written new songs, shows emotions in songs not normal for him
noel didn't like drummer , he wasn't that great band started to exclude him
During morning glory they were doing a song a day
The brothers had good musical connection
while Noel recorded the album the band went to the pub
There differences lead them to have huge fights , cricket bat on head
Guigs wanted to leave the band ( nervous exhaustion ) there new bass player also quit
largest indoor gig ever in the Britain ,40,000 fans with no bass player
Liam would walk off stage Noel would have to sing when he wasn't on stage
Liam was one of the 'greatest singers, frontmen in the world added to that a good looking boy '
oasis wasnt a stable band Noel would fire who he wanted to and even left a few times Liam would come on and off stage
after wonder wall and don't look back in anger came out as consecutive singles they really blew up all over the world
what's the story morning glory was one of the biggest selling albums of all time
swarmed by paparazzi , fired drummer took them to court for a piece of their annual salary
Mark koyle had to quit cause the noise was gunna make him deaf , it was also going to cooperate for him less about the band
there was a confrontation with their dad the press started writing about how they were ignoring their 'lonely father' dad profiting from this
did Knebworth gigs ( biggest series of gigs of all time)
4% of the pop applied for tickets to see oasis
the brothers no longer speak to each other

END OF TASK 1

##########################################################################

TASK 2

The music industry is made of a network of job roles categorised into sectors . These sectors are interdependent on each other and allow the music industry to sustain. I am going to look at 2 different sectors in the music industry , performance and recording. I am going to look at both successful and unsuccessful case studies linking these sectors delving into different contract issues and job roles.

INTRODUCTION

For my two sectors i'm going to use recording and performance sectors. These two sectors are interdependent within the industry as it allows the artist to create and distribute their music to a wider audience , which can help them to build their fanbase and increase their chances of potentially being booked for live performances where they will need people like sound engineers , roadies etc and be a great place to sale merchandise ( labels and managers may work with designers to create logos and merchandise) . The money from the earnings would be able to go back into production and promotion of new music and would be split between different people in different amounts depending on the contract signed .

JOB ROLES MINDMAP :

There are different types of employment within the music sector you can either be employed or self employed .

Employed

Being employed in the music industry may mean your working for a music label , working for a music organisation ( charities , education , orchestras and venues ) , working for a commercial company - sales merchandising etc . You wont need to pay tax or national insurance as your employer will pay it for you . If you employed you wont have to worry about where your next payment is coming its a secure position to be in . You do not need independent insurance as you will be covered under your employers research .

Being employed can also come with a lot of benefit such as pensions and sick pay this way you dont have to worry about income when your unable to work as you will be paid by your employer what your owed . Furthermore with employment come the chance of having things like company cars ad bonuses to add decoration to your income .

The negatives to employment are the fact a lot of companies can be very very corrupt and contracts can exploit an artists potentially having fatal affect on their career . When employed you have less control over the work your producing as there is an element of judgement by the label or organisation . Another negative is your are not in control of the hours you work , the typical hours of an employed job are 9-5.

FREELANCER -

Being a free lancer means you are your own own business . It tends to be more stressful this way as you have more responsibility on your shoulders as your dependent on yourself. You are responsible for your finances tax and National Insurance NI . Your work isn't as secure as you are working from contract to contract finding your own work and means to make money. You will be paid directly for you’re work and negotiate your contracts . Being a freelancer you have control over your own work load get to mould a business that suits you by choosing your own clients . The issues with free lance work is that because its your own business your personal assets can be at risk , your on a constant hunt for wrk therefore you don't really get holidays and are burdened by tax worries .

CONTRACTS

You can get permanent and fixed term contracts . Permanent contracts don't have an end and you are only able to get out of it if you leave or get fired the positive for these types of contracts is that it allows the potential for progress within what your doing as there is no end date , there's a sense of job security as its 'permanent' whereas fixed term has an end date or last until a certain task has been complete. Whereas fixed term is better for people looking for more short term.

360 contracts- Traditionally an advance was only recoupable from the artists share of the music sale . 360 deals allowed labels to recoup that advance not only from music sales and streaming revenue but from all other streams of income for performer too ( touring , revenue merch , publishing endorsements) .

Some the benefits for this as a performer is you might not be responsible for all your costs and might receive funding for promotions ,tours etc . You can get access to industry professionals early on and opportunities as an artists increase .

The deficits are it takes a percent away of all their earning and could potentially loose rights to the song as they can acquire copyrights to the artists song. Labels can also quickly kick you to the curb if they feel your not doing well . Its also a deal that locks you in and is therefore very risky .

Recording contracts - these are used to define terms of an agreement between a record label and a performer . It may include the length of the agreement, number of albums to be recorded and amount of money the performer will receive for each sold album .
Publishing contracts- used to define terms of agreement between a songwriter and a publisher . Contract may specify rights to the songwriters music , percentage of royalties the songwriter will receive and length of agreement
Licensing contracts Used to define the terms of an agreement between music owner and licensee. They may specify rights to use the music , durance of license , amount of money licensee will pay for the use of the music .
Distribution contracts - These are used to define the terms of an agreements between distributor and record label . May specify rights to distribute music, duration of agreement , amount of money distributor will receive .
Management contracts - these contracts define the terms of an agreement between manager and artist . It may specify the length of an agreement , duties of the manager , amount of money manager will receive .

RECORDING SECTOR

PRODUCER- responsible for overseeing and managing the recording , mixing and mastering of a music project . This can include many things from selecting the right studio and the right gear / equipment to working with musicians and engineers to capture best performances. They work with a variety of other roles in the industry such as song writer to help develop new material , or record labels so that the final product meets their standard and session musicians to get the sound wanted .
RECORD LABEL OWNER - These play a crucial role in the music industry due to the fact they promote, distribute and promote music projects they work closely with a variety of different jobs roles within the industry for example distributors. Distributors are responsible for getting music into the hands of retailers , streaming services and other outlets . ( A good example of this is Rough Trade and the Cartel , their own distributional service ) Record labels also work with producers and songwriters to develop new material and record it to a high standard , music video directors to help promote their band and tour managers
A&R - responsible for discovering and signing new talent to record labels as well as helping to develop existing careers . working with publicists , music video directors etc to promote their artist
RECORDING ENGINEER- The recording engineer is responsible for overall sound of all recorded tracks ,oversees lots of technical and aesthetic aspects of a recording session and makes sure the product satisfies the artist and producer
MIXING ENGINEER
BAND MANAGER - these help and give advice to the bands with things like contracts working with business managers and help the way the band are perceived they secure the services of reputable publicists , image stylists ( fashion ) , and accountants depending on bands needs . Band managers can have bad relationships with the artists and bad relationships tend to be how failure is created for example Charlotte Church . Charlotte Church was a classical singer who was managed by her parents they perceived her the public in a certain ,via the clothes she wore being seen as this angelic, pure figure . She felt unheard under her parents management and was very pressured being put under so much and unable to communicate her true self to the audience this lead to her divorcing from her parents as she got older as became to feel stifled and having such pressured on here shoulders as young musician with parents pressuring her with a lot of gigs . This differs from Kate rutsby who also had a family managed music business however was more successful , with each member of the family managing a different part of the music with parents manging and husband in the band whilst the brothers produced . Band mangers are responsible for the safety of the artists as well hiring things like body guards and making sure there mental health is ok .

PERFORMANCE SECTOR

Performer - performers are an essential part of the music industry to play the live music either as a solo act or in a band . They work with may people to promote themselves or create their music. They work with music producers to have a high quality recording and mix of their songs , managers , record labels , hairstylists and makeup artists ( promote their look ) , lawyers , security ( if they get really famous they may need protection .)

Arrangers- musicians that take existing music and create new arrangements of it changing the instrumentation , tempo or add new elements to it may work with producers and sound engineers to make sure the music is recorded and mixed properly but also may sometimes work with composers to create new melodies and chord progressions ad the arranger could create a full arrangement of it .

Conductor - similar to music directors however conductors typically work with orchestras , they are responsible for interpreting the music and ensuring that the orchestra plays it correctly . Conductors typically work with the composers conducting them when performing

songwriters- musicians who create original music , they could write music for film , video games , plays and performances they tend to work with producers, publishers and performers .

CONTRACTS

There are lots of different agreements and contracts within the performance sector that are there to ensure that all parties involved are aware of their responsibilities and obligations . Some of the types of contracts used in the performance sector are performance agreement, rider agreements and tour agreements .

Performer agreements: contracts that outline the terms and conditions of a performance this includes location ,time and date . These also specify compensation that the artist will receive for the performance and they are essential so that both the artist and venue understand their responsibilities and obligations

Rider agreements: Usually used for more high profile artists , with specific needs and requirements for their performances , these are contracts that outline any additional the artists has for the performance such as specofoc lighting and sound equipment ( light and sound engineers would handle this ) or food and beverages ; this would then be sent to the booker who's job it is to book performers for events.

Tour agreements : these outline terms and agreement of a tour details about the length of the tour, venues you'll visit and compensation the artists will receive people like tour photographers, usually hired by label/manager to promote the artist, sign tour contracts too to inform about their obligations and responsibilities.

booking agents : these book live music events

UNSUCCESFULL COLLABORATIONS

. Chuck Berry and The Chess brothers . Chuck berry was signed Signed by chess records he had a contract that would guarantee him 60% ($750) if crowds were big enough at concerts , if not he would only get $150. Even though crowds were visibly large enough his manager ( hired by the chess brothers) would say he was still assigned to $150. The 10 % he was paying the assigned manager was not being earnt so he fired him when he found himself cashing checks made out to him .

Chuck berry also saw that there two names he'd never heard of before were on his record as co-writers! Alan Freed a Jewish disk jockey, the chess brothers bribed him with money ( dj is another role in the performance sector ) who and a man named Russ Fratto , a printer . The writers credit would mean they got 2/3 of the royalties whilst Chuck was left with just 1/3. It seemed this was a way of paying the dj to play their records on the radio and to pay of a debt owed to Fratto

The management and performance sectors of the music industry have proven to be very exploitative of each other how ever very dependent on one another as the artist need the management to get big and the label / organisation needs the artist to earn money and stay in their job . Bruce springsteen is a performer that was signed with Laurel Canyon Productions ,his manager's company ( Mike ) . Publishing - Mike and his co partner jimmy would publish bruce's music under Laurel Canyon Publishing . He was told hed receive his writers half of the royalties but none of the publishing revenues . Management - Like Elvis and the Colonel Mikes business model was theyd split everything 50/50 . However the issue was all the expenses ended up coming out of Bruce's half . He said to Mike how much was his and how much was mike' s and mike responded with ' Well that depends. If you sign with me for five more years , a significant amount of it will be yours . If you don t, probably very little . ' Many of the new contracts terms would retroactively applied to the early contracts and old agreements would be invalid.

SUCCESSFULL COLLABORATIONS

A successful collaboration within the music industry was Quincy Jones and Michael Jackson . Quincy Jones was a producer ( recording sector ) and Michael Jackson a performer ( performance sector ) although it isn't fully known t is assumed that they had a typical producer / artist contract; this is where producer agrees to provide certain services to the artist ( selecting songs, arranging music , overseeing recording process ) and in exchange the artist pays the producer a fee ( a % of profits of the album.). Quincy was able to ci=communicate complex musical ideas in a easy to understand way which was a good skill considering Michael Jackson didn't have any formal music theory training , they were both positive and and motivated creativity and this allowed these soft skills were key in their success . Quincy Jones brought in session musicians , engineers and songwriters to work on Michael's album and helped create a distinct sound . An example of someone they brought in was Rod tempotron a songwriter for the thriller album also session musicians 'Steve Lukather' were also called in these people helped create Michael Jackson's intricate and layered sound.

task 3

The days of debating whether AI will impact the music industry are over as its already here and making such big impacts in the industry According to a Mckinsey report 70% of companies will have adopted at least one AI tech by 2030 . AI effects many aspects of the music industry such as song writing , producing , mixing and mastering - it catapults growth but whether its good or bad is of opinion.

It drives growth and innovation and the fact that it cant make anything truly original as it uses existing data for content means that ( in the music industry particularly ) its not going to be likely to fully replace producers or songwriters can be used as a tool to enhance their skill .

Some issues Ai may hold :

AI can only create music from pre existing content ; it cant create anything original this means that it wont be able to stay relevant in an era of trends and social media its important for AI to keep up with the culture . Ai also devalues the artists creative works using their styles techniques meaning its hard to be different when Ai makes it possible for everyone to write in the same way . The way around this i believe would would be that to use it you'd have to have the artists 'ok ' ad then the percentage of that piece of music drawn from the artists intellectual property should be give that amount of money

Future?

I feel like Ai will have a few years where its really big but then drastically decrease in popularity as people hear the similarities within music . Maybe there will be an industry where humans kind of 'fix' ai music by adding the human qualities to the song that ai wouldn't think to add because it doesn't think originally humans can add originality to it , so basically humans and Ai will still be working together .

Furthermore there is so much future potential for the development of Ai apps for example there are ai apps that u ca ask to write an entire song and then say what style you want it in and it will give u a full plate of lyrics , thi is good for writers block for songwriters . There is also an app called Descript that allows you to create a model of your own voice and an app called vocaloid that you give it a melody an lyrics and it sings it , if someone came up with a new version that can replicate you singing and feed it with a melody and lyrics ( vocaloid) pair this with an AI music tool and lyric generator and you have the fundamentals for a song . These are just some possibilities for the future .

Future of studio recording

Covid had a massive impact on studio recording it meant that musicians , particularly solo musicians couldn't go to studios and would therefore record from home . This meant that recording studios would unfortunately be forced to close down due to financial crisis as studios were still made to pay full rent and business rates throughout the pandemic it was . There is an argument however that Covid just acted as a catalyst to fall of the recording studio due to the fact that software and home recording has accelerated , artists are now able to make music at home that is aurally indistinguishable from music made at a studio . However this process restricts opportunity to meet and work with professional producers , session musicians etc furthermore could also be better for the musicians health instead of staying on their own for long periods of time . However I do believe that studio recording will make a conitinue as although although a lot of solo musicians might find home recording more intimate and easier for them large bands might not have the space or equipment which a recording stdio could supply so i also believe, with the right approach ,it will be able to draw in the next generation of music creation and technology and make studio recording just as important as it was for both soloists and bands .

advantages of studio recording :

professional sound engineers , mixers and producers saving you the work of mixing your own music and getting a high quality recording
good acoustics and environment with dedicated spaces for specific instruments like drums vocals, guitar etc bringing better quality
access to professional high end gear
access to professional session musicians
you have full focus on composition , performance no stress on mixing and engineering
other professional opinions

DISADVANTAGES

cost
higher end equipment may cost more
working undr pressure time slot
transport all of own gear to studio
plan times restricting creative process

SOCIAL MEDIA

Social media has had a significant impact on the music industry for performers presenting both positive and negatve impacts . On one hand social media has given performers a means of communication with their fans ; by using platforms like Instagram ,Twitter and tiktok performers are able to advertise themselves ,for free ,to the world and can also help connect with other artists ( collaboration ) fans to create a more loyal fanbase to help sustain their career for the long term. Furthermore social media marketing apps like Patreon that allows for musicians to connect with fans and generate revenue by offering exclusive content and perks is also a huge benefit of social media that helps artists build a sustainable career .On the other hand Social media has prevented artists with a number of challenges and pressures such as having to be constantly engaged with your fans which can be time consuming and overwhelming particularly for more controversial artists that may face a lot of hate . The fact social media makes it easier people to leave rumours, hate and attack performers can be emotionally draining and greatly effect their mental health.

Social media could also contribute to a decrease in popularity of the live performance . Since Covid live streaming of cincerts and gigs have become more popular and this could potentially decrease the popularity of live concerts with more people appreciating the comfort and expense of just staying at home and watching live streamed concert . It is a possibility that in the future new technology would be developed to make the home concert experience more life like however with the decrease in cd, record and all physical media sales , live gigs have become one of the main ways that musicians make their money , therefore, it would be expected that the cost to watch the live streamed concerts would increase .

360 recording deals

In 2000'S record labels lost revenue from physical sales and online piracy so record labels started offerin 360 deals . Traditionally an advance was only recoupable from an artists share of the music sales . 360 deals allows a label to recoup that advance not only from music sales and streaming revenue but also ALL other streams of income for the artist ( touring revenue, merch , syn licencing, publishing endorsements .)

Advantages

performer might not be responsible for all of their costs ( may receive funding for promotions tours etc)
access to industry professionals straight away
oppurtunities to develop as an artist

Disadvantages

takes a % of all earnings
could loose rights to song ( they can aquire copyrights of the artist's recordings )
gives up creatives control
labels can quickly kick you to the side the performer is locked in the deal

END OF TASK 3

https://youtu.be/0MH33nEPIQY

class notes

30's

technology :

The blattnerphone was invented in this era , it was the newest recording device in 1930 however due to ots simplicity was used for recording voice and notmusic . It was also when the elcetric guitar started coming around , in 1931 George Beauchamp who was working on a way to amplify the guitar sound so allowing it to be heard over a live band he came up with the idea of using a metal pick to pick the strings creating a signal that could then be amplified. 1931 saw the creation of the 618 eletrcdynamic transmitter ( the first ever dynamic microphone) . The dynamic microphone would go on to be a reliable and hardy tool for vocalist and performers .

SOCIAL

Slavery was abolished however racism was still very prominent , sharecropping became the most popular way for black people to work ( especially in the south ) and usually was the only kind of work they could get becasue of racism amongst society . They were given a hut to stay in return for farm labour so in a way its as if they were still enslaved . Jim crows laws were setill in existance group like the kkk were active and lynching of black people occurred , it wasnt a safe society School were overpopulated and unfunded and the great deppression meant a lot of people were in bad financial situations. Music was a reflection of hardship in this day in age however music like jazz and swing aimed to distract peoples daily hardship

Case studies:

Robert Johnson

robert johnsons mastery of the blues and the delta blues style he played . He used unique guitar techniques for the time such as fingerpicking and using a guitar pick he performed these licks usinga hybrid picking style , he held a pick between his thumb and index finger and used the others ( mainly middle and ring ) to fingerpick . he influenced peoll like jimi hendrix . As well as his guitar skill he also had a very good voca skill too. It was eerie and demonic and played a large part in drawing people in .

Robert Johnson travelled and busked from town to town . Most people were christian in this day in age and also very racist and the blues music meant devils music . Robert Johnson fell in love ( a girl called Virginia ) and moved to the plantation she worked at till she became pregnant , she left to live with her grandma but sadly died in childbirth . From this point he dedicated his life to music . As a performer he played on street corners and Juke joints he didnt have much popularity throughout his life until after he died . His poorly documented life led to the legend of the crossroads where he handed his guitar to the devil who tuned it in exchange for his soul . The album would become influential particularly on the british blues movement and artists like bob dylan have cited johnsons lyrics and musicianship as influences to their work .

BILLIE HOLIDAY :

Billie was an American jazz singer , Holiday had an innovative , influence on jazz , music and pop singing Her vocal style, inspired by jazz instrumentalists created a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo. Her intimate music touched the hearts of society . Her early life was rough being raped at age 11 , working as a prostitute , being jailed in a correctional facility and more before finally finding her passion for music ; all before age of 17 . She began informally singing in numerous clubs . By 1932 she was discovered by John Hammond a record producer who got her session with benny goodman , her first recording was ' your mothers son in law in 1937 ' . In the late 1930s her songs became jazz standard, some of her music being imitated across America, after going on tour and making a string of radio hits with teddy Wilson . Her song 'I'm gunna lock my heart 'went to number 2 in the pop charts in 1938. 'Strange Fruit ' was one of Billie Holidays biggest hits ., producers at Columbia records refuse to record it as the subject matter was too sensitive and talked about lynching in the south , its seen as one of the first protest songs of the civil rights movement a movement that would dominate the later decades and the music it brought with it . Milt Gabler agreed to record it for his commodore Records . She later worked with white musicians , Lester young ,Artie Shaw and Count Basie . She broke the colour barrier and

40'S

technology

The radio was was now cheaper , 95% of all homes had one this greatly affected themusic industry as more people were able to listen to music and a larger variety of music and would mean performers music could be advertised to a more widescale audience . Multi- track recording was also inventrd during this era this meant that different parts of tape could be layered and played at the same time . This meant that music quality would be better as you could make different instruments better heard in the mix.In the mid 40's Fender produced the first commercially successfull solid body electric guitar , The Fender Esquire this would massively influence genres to come.

This was during the WW2 peiod but also the decade in which it ended. Music reflected the pain of the country but also positvity for hope inthe future . Big Band music wsas popular focused on band leaders who led four section musical ensembles, they typically consisted of sax , trumpets and trombones and ryhtm section ( piano , guitar ,drums , bass.) The Dorsey brothers were a good example they would often sign on short or long term engagements for where they would play night to night at certain clubs whilst touring. However , after WW2, clubs hired out smaller bands due to cost . Unfortunately This led to disbanding of several decades of popular bands

CASE STUDY 1: Ella Fitzgerald

Ella was raised in a diverse neighbourhood, influenced by the woman in her life , and did great in school . She was exposed to music through church and jazz records her mum had . Ella was known for her pure tone , impeccable diction, phrasing, timing and intonation with a 'horn like' improvisational ability. After her mother died she had it rough and performed on street for a living . She made her debut in the first amateur night at the Apollo theatre she won first place however due to her 'untidy appearance' wasnt given the full prize. When she met Chick web, of the tiny Bradshaw Band , who was looking for a female singer she got offered a payed job to sing with them . At 21 she recorded hits such as ' a tisket a tasket '. Fitz died and Ella took over the band ; they recorded over 150 songs within 7 years . In the mid 40s she began singing jazz at philharmonics a concert series started by her manager , Norman Granz. Tv shows became more popular during this decade and she went on shows like The Ed Sullivan show gaining her more popularity . Tv shows would go onto greatly affect the music industry such as advertisement and talent shows that would have both negative and positive impacts .

Unfortunately she also faced discrimination as this was in a time where racism was still common . She had police barge into her dressing room because of her managers civil rights advocacy.

CASE STUDY 2

FRANK SINATRA :

Frank Sinatra chose popular music as a vocation he joinded a singing group and won a singing competition on a popular radio programme , they toured America in 1935 however Sinatra was the only serious one about music and they broke up . He was discovered by trumpeteer Harry James who quit Benny Goodman orchestra to start his own band , Frank was with him for 6 months resulting in 10 commercial recordings , Frank's reputation increased within the industry and Harry , being the great friends they had come to be , graciciosuly released him from his contract when he got a good offer from Tommy Dorsey ( band leader .) Through this he would create his first major body of wok and ws also influenced by dorseys tromvbone playing to improve hi sbreath control to emulate his seamless melodic passages.He also, inthjis time proved his mastery of both balads and up tempo passages. His fame grew beyond that of the dorsey orgnisation and he went into a solo career . He became a cultural phenomenon , and his vast appeal to bobby boxers revealed a whole new audience for popular music which generally appealed to an older audience . He was popular musics first true teen idol .

A strike by the American federation of music against major record companies slowed Sinatra record sales between 1943-44 he compensated this through making dozens of sides in a 3 month period during his solo recording career for columbia records. He made songs like ' These Foolish things ' and ' That old Feeling ' during his colubia years.

Frank sinatra eventually lost his voice from vocal chord haemorrhaging

🎸The story of Rock'n'Roll 🎸

SAM PHELLIPS:

OTHER NOTES:

40's-50s was a popular time for jazz and blues

in this era many black Americans migrated to the north from the south

The great depression of 1929-1939 meant that work was limited

The great migration was due to:

.boll weevils ( bugs destroying cotton crop in south (less work for black Americans)

.continued lynching

.Jim crows laws

.labour shortages in northern factories due to ww1

.convict leasing ( a system of forced penal labour ,slavery, as punishment allowed my 13th amendment-taken advantage of on black Americans)

this expanded blues from south to other territories

50s tech:

introduction to the pultec eq (equalizer) - isolates certain frequencies ,boosts them ,lowers or unchanged .

COUNTRY MUSIC:

.BIG IN THE SOUTH

POPULAR IN THIRTIES (MUSIC OF DESPERATION)

ROCK'N'ROLL INSPiRED BY A NUMBER OF GENRES BLUES COUNTRY Etc

Acetate lathe development
Overdubs : les Paul -> buddy holly ->Beatles
Tape machine was invented for the Nazis

JOHNNY CASH - signed for sun records in 1954

grew up during depression -poor family

.dark blues, country licks

1945's kids -could afford players

50'S:

.Machines started replacing black people working (slaving) on fields.

.Lots of black people would travel and busk to earn money (Robert Johnson)

. There blues music was seen as devils music

Robert Johnson created the template for what became rock'n'roll

He learnt the guitar so quickly at such a high level people created a legend where he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads.

MINI LIFE STORY :

FELL IN LOVE AT 18 HAD PASSION FOR BLUES MUSIC
MOVED TO A PLANTATION WITH HER TILL SHE FELL PREGNANT
SHE LEFT TO LIVE WITH HER GRANDMA👵
DIED IN CHILDBIRTH
THE FAM BLAMED HIM AND HIS DEVILS MUSIC HE LIKED TO PLAY AND PERFORM
HE WENT OF AND DEDICATED HIS LIFE TO MUSIC
PLAYED AT JUKE JOINTS (BETTER TO PERFORM IN THEN THE PLANTATIONS)
HE WASNT THAT GOOD AND ONE DAY HE DISSAPEARED
MYTH: WENT TO A CROSSROADS SOLD HIS SOUL TO THE DEVIL WHO TUNED HIS GUITAR AND HE CAME BACK PLAYING BETTER THAN HIS OWN MENTORS😱

50'S-60S

Musicians getting exploited

.Vietnam war = lots of youth moving away

Jewish people moving out of Vietnam

Leonard chess

Leonard Chess and his family were Jewish immigrants.

founded chess records

recorded for many artists: muddy waters, Etta James ,Howling wolf.

Muddy waters:

black sharecropper ( someone who pays the rent of the land by giving the owner part of their farmed crop )

Recorded folk music popularised electric blues.

Their mini story :

Muddy went to the city ( Chicago ) to perform. The great migration.

He brought a electric guitar played country blues in a slide style

signed a contract for Aristocrat records which became Chess Records .

Little Walter joined Muddy's band in 1948 he the played the harmonica for him

recorded him with a ribbon microphone.

Chess records signed Howlin' wolf and chuck berry ,both wise with money but still victims of chess records that they eventually sued due to underpayment of royalties.

The blues started to become 'old fashioned' . Chuck mixed country and blues with lyrics that appealed to black and white people. Chuck berry turned the guitar from a background instrument to a main instrument which he choreographed moves with.

He was loved by both black and white audiences they didn't want to call it blues

(black origin) so they called it rock'n'roll.

Etta James -60s

A lot of soul in her voice

Muddy waters song with line 'like a rolling stone' inspired rolling stones

Etta James -At last

strings, flutes more complex arrangement

template for soul music

Martian Luther king shot = riots (1968)

Leonard Chess sold chess records and had a heart attack

LEGACY: opened up music for black people

☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

BOB DYLAN :

A 60s artist.
Mixed folk and rock with a blues band
he wrote protest music of the human condition
songs were inspired by political context of the time ( an example would be his lyric 'murder most foul ' about JFK
He felt limited by public perception of him , he was pushed into a political persona - he found this uncomfortable.
wrote own material
ADVOCATE FOR THE YOUNG
Didn't play to peoples expectations , different key ,tempos etc
VIETNAM WAR (he was on the anti war civil rights side)
One night he played an electric guitar, the volume of blues band was too low he want, so they had to play louder due to the addition of the drums
folk->pop.
people didn't like ;Pete Seeger said he'd chop the cable with an axe
he played for 15cmins then left , eventually came back and played acoustic
became a 'traitor to folk music' paparazzi and press became overwhelming trying to pinpoint him, but he doesn't relate to any of it
'suck your glasses' -example of paparazzi trying to perceive him in a certain way
retaliation : carried own camera, standoffish replies , didn't answer questions in the way they wanted him to
disrespectful fans (overwhelming)
He worked with Johnny Cash
people calling him Judas ( betrayer of Jesus)
he wasn't well after his world tour , faked an accident and didn't go on tour for years

☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

60's -soul and funk

Era of the hippy -piece not war

Vietnam war -people want it to end

baby boom = more younger population

music themes are quite political and there's more of an awareness of the environment
Motown- recording studio (Hitsvile) -Marvin Gay ,Brenda Hollow
Martha and the Vandellas interview - all about her body and clothes
The temptations
start of boy and girl groups
trumpet call and response, smooth , bass line is a heartbeat - My girl ( The Temptations)

☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

DAVID BOWIE

Born in 1947
challenged sexual stereotypes
cultural icon
as a teen played in lots of bands exploring many styles (r&b)
Born name = David Jones
At 20 he changed his name and released his first album ( baroque pop )
tried a children novelty record ( the laughing gnome ) was a fail.
he did mime classes
took on acting to pay the bills ( not what he wanted to do )
wrote a single to coincide with the moon landing (1969)
was a hit but didn't get much success till years after
got married to a really supportive lady
released a rock album he was wearing a dress
Tony defrese said he'd fund bowie wanted to launch his career
in 1971 he sent bowie to America on a short promotional tour and came back with a deal with rca records in New York
influenced by the velvet underground ( new York counter culture underground
theatre crossed gender norms
He continued this vibe when he went back to London hanging out in gay night clubs
Befriended American cast of pork 9
he created a fictional Rockstar out of Freddie Bureth (handed him songs dressed him up ; he mouthed bowies voice)
songs weren't good and due to financial issues sold his songs
one of his songs became a NO.12 hit for another artist
Bowie release his own version later on classic album Honky Dory ( didn't get very far production wanted more rock from bowie
ZIGGY STARDUST ALBUM WAS CREATED - told a story , rock opera .The context was there was an economic crisis in the uk , conservatives decided to 'baton down the hatches ' London was poor , 69 space launch
Changed look ( cut hair, jumpsuits ) - influenced by clockwork orange
Starman became a hit
open about sexuality 60's - he liberated
revived the careers of people that inspired him eg- velvet underground (he produced Lou Reeds album)
He revealed Iggy pop and Lou reed to the public
Mike Ronson was Bowie's guitarist ( had relationship )
To break him in America Tony had the plan to pretend he was really famous so the record label advertised him more
The band wasn't well managed
people didn't want to talk to David bowie but to Ziggy stardust
pop culture has been inspired by bowie ( Ziggy ) ever since

Rough trade records

was an independent record label based in London
Formed in 1976 by Geoff Travis
Travis began managing bands ( Scritti Polliti) beginning label inform by left wing politics
Soon after they set up a distribution arm known as the Cartel
Feb 20th 1976 - Britain was in the middle of and RA8 bombing campaign

Glossary :

record label -Record labels distribute , manufacture and promote recordings of affiliated musicians

The cartel - The cartel was a co operative record distribution organisation in the UK set up by a number of small and independent record labels to handle their distribution to record shops.

AMERICA'S 80'S ROCK TO COLLEGE ROCK AND GRUNGE

- new tech and new media helps to transform rock into a new commodity

SOME ARTISTS:

Motley crue
Quiet Riot
Journey
STYX
Reo Speedwagon
Van Halen
Bruce Springsteen
Tom Petty
John Mellencamp
KISS
Aerosmith
Bon jovi
Guns n' roses

POLITICS

REVOLUTIONARY NEW STATION MTV ( MUSIC TELEVISION )

1st of August 1981 MTV chose a video by a British band named Buggles ( Video killed the radio star ) for its first ever broadcast .

The idea was Radio on the TV .

To begin with American record companies didn't believe MTV would work , what's the point on wasting money on making vids some random TV station when their rock bands were on FM radio?

Bands ( mostly British ) realised early on that the visual benefits of the video opportunities on MTV could get them more exposure in the US. Unique styles , men crossing gender fashion norms.

A new invasion of British bands thanks to the commercial power of MTV

You now had to look cool as well as have good music . Not good for older bands like STYX who began to look outdated due to there lack of involvement with the change .

DURAN DURAN cam out and Red Speedwagon found them hard to compete with due to their beauty.

MTV was quickly changing American pop music and rock needed to keep up .

A new youthful attitude ( leather jackets etc)

VAN HALEN

LA's Van Halen were one of the first 80's American hard rock bands to cross over to be mainstream. They bridged the gap between metal and pop .

By 1983 they were MTV stars with four top ten albums released and in 1984 they became a household name with a number one single ' Jump' .

Ronald Reagan being an example of this when he used the song when he campaigned for his new election. The song isn't patriotic , like the people thought its about a broken system.

POLITICS:

NEW YORK DOLLS ->

BRITISH GLAM ↓

THE METAL ROCK LOOK CREATION :

80'S partying was extreme. Loose sex, drugs , alcohol . Cocaine and jack Daniels 😎 .

Aids didn't come to mind because it wasn't a talked about a lot before the 80's.

This was perfect for MTV who were on a look out for a new trend to expand their growing audience . It had an outrageous look and sound that made the LA rock scene ideal.

So, by the end of the early 80's, bands from the Sunset Strip started to feature on the channel's playlist ; the most requested video was by Quiet Riot.

Formed in 1981 ; put together by drummer Tommy Lee and bass player Nikki Sixx, the brains behind it.

About fun, girls and motorcycles.

Really hit the big time after signing with the management of their heroes ,kISS.

They let go of their early satanic influence and increased the glam and made the gigs theatrical events.

Soon after American TV and radio was invaded by hair metal .

MTV bands like twisted sister ,RATT , Cinderella etc became household names. This was pop metal that appealed to the American teenagers.

Misogyny

However , lyrics and videos were sexist. Woman portrayed as bimbos .Everyone with identical boobs

AMY WINHOUSE

Raised in the 90s in Southgate North London
Jazz singer , was apart of the National youth jazz orchestra when 16
Never thought she'd be a singer , she had a down to earth personality
Influences : Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughn , Tony Bennet . Learnt to sing from stuff like monk and soloists as well as just singers .
Nick shmansky wasn't an experienced manager
She had written a lot of lyrics , personal and drawn from personal experience . Always put a punch line in the song to be different with the lyrics.
Given a publishing deal by Guy Moot who worked in sony in music publishing . People were sceptical because they were giving an unsigned artists around 250,000 pounds.
After the deal she moved out ; she 'smoked weed all day ' she lived with her best friends
First relationship was with a guy called Chris Taylor she wrote songs about him but eventually went off him and wrote songs that describes her as emotionally disconnected.
she was an old soul , quite shy ,powerful
her album came out and sold around 800 copies in one day
believed she couldn't handle the fame
Amy was a talented guitarist , which is important so as your not dependent other musicians it means you can be independent which is important to avoid exploitation this is especially important for female who up to this point haven't been very respected in music as 'proper musicians'' familiarising yourself with an instrument can be good so you can be self dependent.
Record sounded mature ;instrumentation was done live
She could be 'gobby ' with the media when she felt bored or misunderstood and this added to her 'celebrity personality ' a concept thats popular during this time with increase in the media however this characterisation of an artist can lead to negative impacts on artists mindset .
she was managed by the company that managed s club seven and used to mange the manage the spice girls .They tried to mould her into 'triangle shape'.
CHILDHOOD: Janis Winehouse realised Amy was headstrong from a young age , she couldn't say no to her she was really soft . Janis was bringing up kids single handed dad was never around. Dad had met another woman when Amy was a baby and only actually left the family when she 9 yrs old. After dad left she became more rebellious more emotionally disconnected . She suffered from depression in early teens; music helped.
Mos def found Amy to be sincere and real
Amy just felt she needed time and space to so her music
supposed to be writing an album but found herself playing pool everyday and getting drunk
when she went to Camden things started to change
Camden was filled with indie bands if you were a signed artist you weren't liked
hadn't wrote anything in a while Lucian Grainge told her to write a new album before they all forget her
Amy didn't like being connected with the company that did pop idol
Stayed close to a guy called Blake who was a ladies man .
Amy had issues with her parents relationship and it reflected in her life
Blake went back to his girlfriend and it drove her nuts and reckless
fell over hurt her head , her friends came to her house it was a mess
she wasnt eating
friend drove her out to middle of nowhere and stayed there with her till she opened up and she did .Agreed to go to rehab .
Went to see dad to get his his opinion on rehab, he said she didn't need to go ,resisted it .
Friend believed it would've been better she would've had help before she became famous and the world saw her as this was before back to black
Went Miami to Salaams house (producer friend)
She would sit in the garden and write all her own songs
wanted to change management , wanted her promoter to manage her ( Raye Cosbert)
Mark Ronson joins the chat , she wrote back to black in a flat in a few hours .It is now a modern classic.
Nan died , her motherly figure
suffered with alcoholism
started to suffer with bolemia , parents didn't take it seriously
New black to black album didn't have all the clever jazz chords, she was listening to a lot of girl groups , garage bands and guitar bands which were hard to get away from in Camden
Rehab was a single that became really successful , suddenly was in celebrity atmosphere
Had a win at the brits best , found fame frightening
Back to black became modern classic album
not comfortable being famous ,scared
-she got married to Blake got rid of girlfriend hurdle
After they came back from America married , that was the first time she tried crack, cocaine and heroin , became addicted
She overdosed
journalists for sun , mirror etc booked in every room very intrusive
Doctor told friends if she has another seizure shell die right before american tour, friend stole her passport
After blake met back up with her she had heroin in her blood again
Russel brand try to help Amy tried to get her into rehab , he felt Blake was to blame that he liked Amy in this vulnerable situation he used her for money
Blake and Amy went to rehab together ( on an island )
came back and they both binged on drugs , he cut his arm with a bottle so she cut her arm she said 'shed do anything he'd do' , love was killing her she couldn't keep up with Blake's drug intake
Blake went to jail and she spiralled
won awards didn't show , album of the year , best female pop vocal performance
Lucian Grainge Chairman ceo , universal music group made her sign a contract that wouldn't let her write more music or perform till she was 'clean' and she did. Needed to be clean for Grammy's.
Amy was a big Tony Bennet fan , Amy was shocked she won the Grammy for best album
When she gained her greatest achievement all she could think about was drugs
Andrew Morris was her security Raye was her manager
Amy went somewhere to distance her dad kept bringing the cameras but Amy worshipped dad
she recorded with Tony Bennet at Abbey Road
Tony Bennet didn't believe Amy was suited for stadium work
she had a good period , however started having health issues
Amy stopped enjoying playing her music felt it wasn't relevant to her anymore got wasted before tour so she couldn't do it, didn't want to do it , wouldn't sing on stage crowd was angry. Tour cancelled.
started realising things she had done
she died , her heart stopped .

OASIS

Open mouthed ( swear a lot )
OASIS took over Kenworth for 2 days in 1996
played to over a third of a million people in one week
went from a new signing to rock giants in 3 yrs
just two brothers from a council estate what helped the band was their relationship but also ruined it in the end
Liam didn't like music until he got hit round head with a hammer and suddenly it clicked for him
Liam formed the band ( Bonehead ,,Tony McCarroll and guigsy )
Liam had soft melodic vocal and good look and charisma
They were in a band called The rain ,Liam wanted to change the name
Noel Gallagher was the drum technician for inspiral carpets
Noel was leader figure , both of them got fired from band because they were 'unprofessional'
Noel heard Liam was in a band ( oasis ) as a singer
Oasis first gig was in Manchester The Boardwalk ,18th August 1991
noel jammed with them became apart of that band they wanted him to manage them , they rehearsed every day for 18 months
Noel didn't like Phil Collin's music

BONEHEAD- rhythm guitar , spirit of oasis , mad

GUIGS- bass , brought calmness loved cricket, dr who ,man city, weed

TONY- drums , quiet , Irish family, had a daughter

Noel wrote live forever, and that changed things-1992
went touring again still completely ignored
They shared a rehearsal room with an all girl band , one of the girls ( debbie Turner ) was an ex girlfriend of Alan McGee's , 'the head of the coolest record label in England]
Said they were playing in Glasgow offered for them to go with them ,they played four songs
Alan McGee was there signed them offered record deal (creation records)
McGee wanted bring it on down to be the first single
Noel wrote supersonic in a back room whilst band had food. They made their TV debut in 1994 with super sonic
Had their first international gig in wigan to support the band The Verve. Jason Rhodes was their roadie
They got arrested on a ferry and deported , Alan McGee didn't mind good for rock image .
tours getting rather physical and it was getting them down
The studio they used was called Monmouth Valley
They were struggling making new material that sounded like them live
Definetly maybe , recorded in the sawmill , was recorded 'live' , it sounded bad but was fixed by talented mixing
Drug culture was on the rise in the Camden music scene and was damaging lives
Their first album went in the charts at number 32 , everyone said an indie band couldn't do that
album went to number one , the fastest selling debut album of all time in England
September 1994 went to japan , people were waiting for them
there homelife was bad there dad used beat noel and mum they left
no one heard of them in the US , breaking America often breaks the band
crystal meth messed them up made them less efficient , Liam threw tambourine at Noel
Noel was upset went to leave, left Liam a note who continued taking the meth . He went missing .Tour manager managed to find him in San Francisco with a spiritual lady . He didn't know what he was doing ,time out ?
someone booked a recording session noel had written new songs, shows emotions in songs not normal for him
noel didn't like drummer , he wasn't that great band started to exclude him
During morning glory they were doing a song a day
The brothers had good musical connection
while Noel recorded the album the band went to the pub
There differences lead them to have huge fights , cricket bat on head
Guigs wanted to leave the band ( nervous exhaustion ) there new bass player also quit
largest indoor gig ever in the Britain ,40,000 fans with no bass player
Liam would walk off stage Noel would have to sing when he wasn't on stage
Liam was one of the 'greatest singers, frontmen in the world added to that a good looking boy '
oasis wasnt a stable band Noel would fire who he wanted to and even left a few times Liam would come on and off stage
after wonder wall and don't look back in anger came out as consecutive singles they really blew up all over the world
what's the story morning glory was one of the biggest selling albums of all time
swarmed by paparazzi , fired drummer took them to court for a piece of their annual salary
Mark koyle had to quit cause the noise was gunna make him deaf , it was also going to cooperate for him less about the band
there was a confrontation with their dad the press started writing about how they were ignoring their 'lonely father' dad profiting from this
did Knebworth gigs ( biggest series of gigs of all time)
4% of the pop applied for tickets to see oasis
the brothers no longer speak to each other

2000's

☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

Class Notes 6/01/23

Andy Warhol: An American visual artist , film director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . He produced the experimental rock band , The Velvet Underground, and founded interview magazine .created album covers for Aretha franklin . john Lennon . rolling stones etc

Books to get : 12 notes by Quincy Jones and The Creative act by Rick Rubin

Zane Lowe- works in the entertainment sector

.BBC radio presenter ,, represented apple music

. he brings back concept of vinyl

Ai music unethical ? Ai is writing music from scratch and is cheaper then paying an artist

another example of this is Adele who wont let u shuffle play her album on Spotify because its a concept album and it tells a story

Radio 1 has had a lot of discriminatory stories originally being male based like a male club as it came about in the 20's and not allowing female participants. An example would be jo Wiley

Other forms of discrimination including racism, cultural identity, economic divide

Patreon - can make a living from it

Rick Rubin ( started defjam)

-doesn't play instruments
philosopher
was a magician
influenced by punk rock and rap
meditated due to stress
got a distribution contract was earning millions whilst still a student
produces sl reign and blood
defjam had became significant
made a redord label called def American Label
First success = The black Crowes -1990
slayer had success too
in 1993 changed name ( with ought def it had a dictionary definition of meaning excellent he decided the word had became mainstream and meaningless) -1993( American record Company)

Case studies

Music producer:

Recording engineer:

session musician :

Artist Manager :

Tour manager :

19/01/23

TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY

Employed
Self employed

FREELANCE

You are your business
You are responsible for your finances , tax and national insurance (NI) payments
You will work from contract to contract
You will need to be paid directly from your work and will negotiate your contracts

EMPLOYED

working for a music label
Working for a music organisation -charities,orchestras, venues, education
Working for a commercial company -sales, merchandising etc
Your employer will pay your tax and NI
Your employer you and write up y0000000000our contract
You do not need independent insurance as you will be covered under your employers insurance

What are the pros and cons of being employed ?

Partnerships - you figure how much of the business you each own (50-50 )- liability based on each parties share of business

Limited liability company - co-operate business in which the business is seperate from the owners in terms of liability

However by investing some of ur own money in it so if u put 1000 pound ur liability is up to that 1000 pounds if that gcome and life job that would be more .

The company sales shares and pay corporation tax

c7 task

24/02/23

Pit player

Skills - music reading , technical skill , knowing place , punctuality , reliability , responsibility ( to be able to find someone else if your not there )

Search This Blog

MUSIC SHTUFF

C7

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

E11,12,13

D9 - PERSONAL PROJECT